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Should you keep the toilet seat lid up or down: What science says about hygiene, germs and flushing habits in shared bathrooms

Keeping the toilet seat lid down before flushing doesn't entirely prevent germ spread, as tiny airborne particles still escape. While it reduces visible splashes and can prevent items from falling in, science suggests thorough cleaning, handwashing, and ventilation are more crucial for hygiene. A combined approach offers the most effective solution for a cleaner bathroom.