The Economic Times

In the mid-1920s, William R. Angell brought nine white-tailed deer to North Manitou Island for hunting; by the early 1980s, the herd was estimated at 2,000

Six deer introduced to North Manitou Island in 1926 dramatically altered its ecosystem. Without predators, the deer population grew to two thousand by the 1980s. This overpopulation caused significant browse damage, changing forest composition. The island's vegetation shows a distinct browse line from decades of grazing. This event serves as a lesson on human impact on natural balances.